Management of intermittent OFF episodes remains an unmet need, despite adjustments to oral baseline therapy

Management of intermittent OFF episodes remains an unmet need, despite adjustments to oral baseline therapy

Even with optimized baseline therapy, day-to-day variability in oral LD release in the gut leads to motor fluctuations, suggesting a need for an on-demand treatment option in addition to baseline medication5

Slowed absorption of levodopa is due to several potential factors,3 including:

Slowed absorption of levodopa is due to several potential factors,3 including:

Gastro icon

Gastroparesis
from PD4


Utensils icon

High-protein
meals12


Tremor icon

Small intestine bacterial
overgrowth (SIBO)2

Why Inhaled Absorption Potential Factors Graphic
Why Inhaled Absorption Potential Factors Graphic

Used with permission of Elsevier Ltd, from Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease, Fasano A et al, 14(6), 2015; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.
Photograph taken during gastroscopy. Image quality reflects the resolution of the endoscopic camera used.

GI Problems Interior Graphic GI Problems Interior Graphic

AADC, aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase; BBB, blood-brain barrier; CNS, central nervous system; COMT, catechol-O-methyltransferase; GI, gastrointestinal; LD, levodopa.